Instruments
6 articles
Hanna Edge®
The World’s Most Innovative PH, EC And DO Meter edge® meters are thin and lightweight, measuring just 12.7mm thick and weighing less than 250g. Each meter has an incredibly wide viewing angle, 14cm LCD and a sensitive capacitive touch keypad. 8hrs battery life and 2 USB ports. A Hybrid Meter That Can Be Used In Portable, Wall-Mount And Benchtop Configurations The versatile design of edge enables it to be used as a portable, wall-mount or benchtop meter. edge simplifies measurement, configuration, calibration, diagnostics, and logging and transferring data directly to a computer or USB drive. Digital Smart Electrodes edge measures pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen through its unique digital electrodes. These electrodes are auto-recognised and feature a built-in microchip that stores sensor type, ID, and calibration information that is automatically retrieved by edge once the electrode is connected. Two USB Ports edge includes a standard USB for exporting data with a flash drive and a micro USB port to connect to a computer for file export and for charging your edge when the cradle is not available. Sleek, Portable Design Due to its light weight, large screen and thin design, edge can be easily slipped into a backpack or messenger bag. edge offers up to 8 hours of battery life when used as a portable device. Data Logging Store up to 1000 log records of data. Data sets include readings, GLP data, date and time. edge offers manual log-on-demand, manual log-on-stability, and interval logging. Wall Mount Cradle And Electrode Holder With Built-In Cradle Included The included wall mount cradle makes it easy to conserve space on the benchtop and can charge edge with the AC adapter. Ideal for continuous monitoring applications. The included electrode holder features an adjustable swivel arm with a built-in cradle to hold edge securely in place at the optimum viewing angle. Rechargeable Battery The benchtop or wall-mount cradle can be used to recharge the meter battery. The battery can also be recharged through the micro USB port with either a computer connection or the power supply.
Hanna Single Parameter Photometers
The following single parameter photometers are also available: HI93712 Aluminium photometer with 470nm LED HI93700 Ammonia photometer with 470nm LED, 0.00 ‐ 3.00mg/L HI93715 Ammonia photometer with 470nm LED, 0.00 ‐ 9.99mg/L HI93733 Ammonia photometer with 470nm LED, 0.0 ‐ 50.0mg/L HI93716 Bromine photometer with 555nm LED HI93753 Chloride photometer with 470nm LED HI93738 Chlorine dioxide photometer with 585nm LED HI93727 Colour ("True" and "Apparent") photometer with 470nm LED HI93702 Copper photometer with 555nm LED HI93714 Cyanide photometer with 585nm LED HI93724 Cyanuric acid and pH photometer with 555nm LED HI93722 Cyanuric acid Photometer with 555nm LED HI93732N Dissolved oxygen measurement made simple HI93729 Fluoride photometer with 585nm LED, 0.0 ‐ 2.0mg/L HI93739 Fluoride photometer with 585 nm LED, 0.0 ‐ 20.0mg/L HI93734 Free and total chlorine photometer with 555nm LED, 0.00 ‐ 9.99mg/L HI93711 Free and total chlorine photometer with 555 nm LED, 0.00 ‐ 2.50mg/L free, ‐ 3.50mg/L total HI93701 Free chlorine photometer with 555nm LED HI93735 Full range of total hardness in ppm, °fH, °dH and °eH HI93719 Hardness (Mg and Ca) photometer with 555nm LED, 0.00 ‐ 2.00mg/L HI93720 Hardness (Mg and Ca) photometer with 555nm LED, 0.00 ‐ 2.70mg/L HI93723 Hexavalent chromium photometer with 555nm LED, 0 ‐ 1000µg/L HI93749 Hexavalent chromium photometer with 555nm LED, 0 to 300µg/L HI93704 Hydrazine photometer with 470nm LED HI93718 Iodine photometer with 555nm LED HI93721 Iron photometer with 470nm LED HI93746 Iron photometer with 555nm LED HI93748 Manganese photometer with 555nm LED, 0 ‐ 300µg/L HI93709 Manganese photometer with 555 nm LED, 0.0 ‐ 20.0mg/L HI83730 Measurement of peroxides in olive oil HI93730 Molybdenum photometer with 470nm LED HI93726 Nickel photometer with 555nm LED, 0.00 ‐ 7.00g/L HI93740 Nickel photometer with 555nm LED, 0.000 ‐ 1.000mg/L HI93828 Nitrate photometer with 555nm LED, 0.0 ‐ 100mg/L (NO‐³) HI93728 Nitrate photometer with 555nm LED, 0.0 ‐ 30.0mg/L (NO‐³‐N) HI93707 Nitrite photometer with 470nm LED HI93708 Nitrite photometer with 585nm LED HI93725 pH and total hardness photometer with 555nm LED HI93717 Phosphate (HR) photometer with 470nm LED HI93713 Phosphate (LR) photometer with 890nm LED HI93750 Potassium photometer with 470nm LED HI93705 Silica photometer with 890nm LED HI93737 Silver photometer with 555nm LED HI93751 Sulphate photometer with 470nm LED HI93741 Total hardness and iron photometer with 555nm LED HI93731 Zinc photometer with 585nm LED
Hanna Thermistor Probes
HI765A Pre‐calibrated probe with a maximum error of 0.2°C for air and gases, 1m cable HI765A/10 Pre‐calibrated probe with a maximum error of 0.2°C for air and gases, 10m cable HI765BL Pre‐calibrated probe with a maximum error of 0.2°C for air and liquid, 1m cable HI765BP Pre‐calibrated probe with a maximum error of 0.2°C for measurements between stacked goods, 1m cable HI765DIP Pre‐calibrated probe with a maximum error of 0.2°C with weighted probe without handle for tank measurements, 1m cable HI765DIP/3 Pre‐calibrated probe with a maximum error of 0.2°C with weighted probe without handle for tank measurements, 3m cable HI765DIP/5 Pre‐calibrated probe with a maximum error of 0.2°C with weighted probe without handle for tank measurements, 5m cable HI765L Air, liquid thermistor probe with 1m cable HI765L/10 Air, liquid thermistor probe with 10m cable HI765PBL General purpose, penetration thermistor probe with blue handle and 1m cable HI765PBL/10 General purpose, penetration thermistor probe with blue handle and 10m cable HI765PG General purpose, penetration thermistor probe with green handle and 1m cable HI765PG/10 General purpose, penetration thermistor probe with green handle and 10m cable HI765PR General purpose, penetration thermistor probe with red handle and 1m cable HI765PR/10 General purpose, penetration thermistor probe with red handle and 10m cable HI765PW General purpose, penetration thermistor probe with white handle and 1m cable HI765PW/10 General purpose, penetration thermistor probe with white handle and 10m cable HI765PWL Thermistor probe, sharp tip HI765W Thermistor probe for hard to reach places, no handle, 1m cable HI765W/10 Thermistor probe, for hard to reach places, no handle, 10m cable Specifications for HI 765 termistor probes
Hanna Thermocouple Probes
Various thermocouple probes are available for use with Hanna thermometers: Name Max. Temp. Response time (90% of final value) Probe Material Probe Dimensions Cable Length Application HI766A Roller Surface K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle 320°C 7 sec Stainless steel L 280mm 1m Convex surfaces, moving rollers HI766PA Roller Surface K-Type Thermocouple Probe 320°C 7 sec Stainless steel L 280mm - Convex surfaces, moving rollers HI766B Surface K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle 650°C 8 sec Stainless steel L 200mm 1m Furnaces, hot solids, moulds HI766PB Surface K-Type Thermocouple Probe 650°C 8 sec Stainless steel 16mm dia. - Solid, high-temperature surfaces HI766B1 90° Angle Surface K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle 450°C 8 sec Stainless steel L 300mm, 30mm dia. 1m Hard to reach surfaces HI766B2 Round Surface K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle 900°C 3 sec Stainless steel L 130mm, 8mm dia. 1m Furnaces, hot solids, moulds HI766B3 Small Surface K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle 200°C 6 sec Stainless steel L 130mm, 5mm dia. 1m Small surfaces HI766C Penetration K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle 900°C 15 sec Stainless steel L 155mm, 3mm dia. 1m Meat, rubber, semi-solid products HI766PC Penetration K-Type Thermocouple Probe 900°C 15 sec Stainless steel L 155mm, 3mm dia. 1m Meat, rubber, semi-solid products HI766TR1 Extended Length Penetration K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle (500mm) 250°C 10 sec Stainless steel L 500mm, 10mm dia. 1m Liquid, semi-solid products HI766TR2 Extended Length Penetration K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle (1m) 250°C 10 sec Stainless steel L 1m, 10mm dia. 1m Liquid, semi-solid products HI766TR3 Extended Length Penetration K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle (1.5m) 250°C 10 sec Stainless steel L 1.5m, 10mm dia. 1m Liquid, semi-solid products HI766TR4 Extended Length Penetration K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle (12m) 250°C 10 sec Stainless steel L 2m, 10mm dia. 1m Liquid, semi-solid products HI766C1 Ultra-Fast Penetration K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle 300°C 4 sec Stainless steel L 95mm, 1.6mm dia. 1m Food, semi-solid products HI766D Air and Gas K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle 300°C 20 sec Stainless steel L 245mm, 3mm dia. 1m Air, gases HI766PD Air and Gas K-Type Thermocouple Probe 300°C 20 sec Stainless steel L 250mm, 3mm dia. - Air, gases HI766E1 General Purpose K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle 900°C 6 sec Stainless steel L 120mm, 3mm dia. 1m Air, gases, liquid HI766E2 General Purpose Extended Length K-Type Thermocouple Probe with Handle 900°C 6 sec Stainless steel L 220mm, 5mm dia. 1m Air, gases, liquid HI766PE1 General Purpose K-Type Thermocouple Probe 900°C 16 sec Stainless steel L 155mm, 3mm dia. - Air, gases, liquid HI766PE2 General Purpose Extended Length K-Type Thermocouple Probe 900°C 6 sec Stainless steel L 200 mm, 5mm dia. - Air, gases, liquid HI766F Flexible High Temperature K-Type Thermocouple Probe 1100°C 4 sec AISI 316 stainless steel L 255mm, 1.5mm dia. 1m High temperature HI766F1 Wire K-Type Thermocouple Probe 480°C 1 sec Exposed wires 2mm dia. - Hard to reach areas HI766Z Wire K-Type Thermocouple Probe for Ovens 1100°C 4 sec Stainless steel L 255mm, 1.5mm dia. - Ovens HI766TV1 Pipe Clamp K-Type Thermocouple Probe 200°C 8 sec - Max 35mm clamp opening - Pipes, tubes Also available: HI766EX Extension cable for K-type thermocouple thermometers (1m) HI766HD Probe handle with 1.0m cable for HI766P probes https://hannainst.com/search?q=thermocouple+probes
HI9829 Hanna Multiparameter Meters
Multiparameter Meter pH/ORP/ISE, EC/TDS/Resistivity/Salinity/Seawater Specific Gravity, Turbidity, DO, Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure Rugged, waterproof and easy to use, the HI9829 is the ideal meters for field measurements of lakes, rivers and seas. Both meters display 1 to 12 parameters simultaneously from up to 15 user selectable parameters. Combined with one of the HI76x9829 series probes, the HI9829 can measure water quality parameters such as pH, ORP, conductivity, turbidity, temperature, ions ions ammonium, nitrate, chloride (NH4 , NO3--N or Cl-), dissolved oxygen concentration, resistivity, TDS, salinity, and seawater specific gravity. Atmospheric pressure is measured for DO compensation. This meter features a graphic, backlit LCD that scales digits to fit up to 12 parameters and allows full configuration of each parameter measured along with an on-screen graphing capability. HI 9829 incorporates comprehensive GLP features and the transferring of data via USB connection. The HI 98290's HELP key displays context sensitive help. The alpha-numeric keypad offers a user friendly way to complete the input fields. The Perfect Monitoring Tool Water scientists and managers alike utilise data-collection programs as part of environmental monitoring. These programs are designed to reveal changes in water and the environment around it over time. Reliable, dependable measurements are required to monitor these changes and understand the contributions from seasonal fluctuations, weathering, as well as manmade pollution. The HI7629829 or HI7639829 intelligent autonomously logging probes can be left at the application site to autonomously log results without the aid of the HI9829 or a PC. When it is time to retrieve the results the measurement data can be easily transferred to the meters or PC using HI929829 software. Sensors Sensor replacement is quick and easy with screw type connectors and colour coded sensors. The HI9829 automatically recognises sensor presence. The HI7609829-2 galvanic DO sensor with its fast response time can be ready at a moment's notice. This probe features a replaceable membrane cap for easy maintenance. The HI7609829-3 4-electrode conductivity probe uses a polarographic measurement principle and ensures stable conductivity readings that are immune to polarisation or surface coating. Absolute conductivity, temperature compensated conductivity, salinity, specific gravity and TDS determinations are possible with measurements from this sensor. The new HI7609829-4 EC/turbidity sensor is field replaceable and offers readings from both parameters at the same time. All potentiometric sensors feature a double junction design and are gel filled to increase resistance to contamination. An ISE sensor can be used in place of the pH sensor and is automatically recognised. pH in mV readings are also displayed -ideal for troubleshooting. A Great Combination The use of HANNA's microprocessor based multiparameter intelligent probes with HI 9829 meter will provide reliable data collection that can lead to an improved scientific understanding of the interconnections between natural, chemical and geological processes and man made pollution to effectively evaluate applications for waste-discharge permits, remediate contaminated sites and to protect or restore biological resources. The HI76x9829 probes utilise field replaceable sensors with auto-recognition. The sensors are housed with the probe electronics in a rugged housing with a water-tight cable connection. The base probe model permits the measurement of conductivity, pH/ORP (or an ISE), and dissolved oxygen. Other models permit turbidity and logging. The probes are available with a choice of cable lengths such as 4m and 10m and 20m that utilise a DIN connection to interface with the meters. The probes are supplied with a maintenance kit in the carrying case versions. These new probes can be connected directly to a PC with the HI96982910 USB adapter, and the HI929829 PC software to communicate directly with the probes. Reliable temperature measurements are a critical parameter of aquatic system monitoring. Temperature and temperature changes due to water releases can affect the ability of water to hold oxygen as well as the ability of organisms to resist certain pollutants. The intelligent probes incorporate an accurate thermistor that changes predictably with temperature changes. Accurate temperature reading in degrees Celsius, Kelvin or Fahrenheit are displayed and utilised by other detectors for temperature correction. The pH or pH/ORP sensors incorporate the technology that has made HANNA so successful as a pH manufacturer. Reliable pH measurements are one of the most important indicators of water chemistry indicating the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. HANNA's pH sensors utilise a resilient PEI body to protect them from solid particulates found water samples. Consistency and quality are the hallmarks of these sensors. Our differential measurement system further enhances the measurement reliability providing temperature corrected pH. A choice of 3 ion selective electrodes is available for constant reporting of common surface water contaminants. Nitrate, ammonium and chloride are available. Each ISE is a combination electrode incorporating an extremely constant reference spiral; all potentionmetric probes feature a double junction and solid gelled reference design. By utilising conductivity, the HI9829 can convert ion activity measurements to concentration units. The HANNA 4-electrode conductivity probe using the polarographic measurement principal ensures stable conductivity readings. Electrolytic conductivity measures of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current. It is highly dependent on the amount of dissolved solids (such as salt) in the water. Absolute conductivity, temperature corrected conductivity, salinity, specific gravity and water hardness (TDS) determinations are possible with measurements from this sensor. The oxygen dissolved in lakes, rivers, and oceans is crucial for the organisms and creatures living in it. If dissolved oxygen concentrations drop below normal levels in water bodies, the water quality degrades and the organisms begin to die off. The galvanic sensor does not require long polarisation times so is ready for measurement at a moment's notice. Our sensor also utilises a replaceable cap design for ease of maintenance and a safe non-toxic electrolyte. DO readings are compensated for the effects of temperature (using the probes built-in temperature sensor) and atmospheric pressure (using the HI 9829's internal atmospheric pressure sensor). The new HANNA turbidity sensor is a replaceable design for instantaneous turbidity reading that conforms to ISO 7027 standards. It provides measurements from 0.0 to 50.0 FNU; and 50 to 1000 FNU. Turbidity is the amount of particulate matter that is suspended in water. Turbidity measures the scattering effect that suspended solids have on light: the higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity. Material that causes water to be turbid include: clay, silt, finely divided organic and inorganic matter, soluble colored organic compounds, plankton and microscopic organisms. Probes with the logging function have a logging memory that allows storage of up to 140,000 individual samples or 12,000 complete sample data sets with date and time stamp thus permitting up to a 35 day deployment with all channels logging at 10 minute intervals. Logging probes work with either rechargeable or standard batteries The probe incorporates a temperature sensor for temperature compensation of all parameters. Monitoring and Tracking When data collection or monitoring requires tracking capabilities, two kinds of methods can be included with the data-timestamp and location. The timestamp expresses the date and the time when the measurement was taken. The time and date (timestamp) are determined by the internal real time clock of the HI9829. As for location of measurement, the HI9829 offers the FastTracker™ Tag ID system using ID encoded TAGs mounted at the location sites. Users simply touch the TAG receiver to the mounted TAG to store data along with location ID. Fast Tracker™-Tag Identification System HANNA's Fact Tracker™-Tag Identification System simplifies test logging. iButton®s with a unique ID can be installed at various sampling sites. When the matching connector on the meter contacts the location button, measurements are logged and labeled with the alphanumeric user-entered location ID. Location, date, time and measurements are logged into the meter which can be transferred to a PC. The Fast Tracker™ system complements the GPS for ultimate tracking. iButton® Tags are Easy to Install Install the optional TAGs near your sampling points for quick and easy iButton® readings. Each TAG contains a computer chip with a unique identification code encased in stainless steel. You can install a practically unlimited amount of TAGs. Additional TAGs can be ordered for all of your traceability requirements. Specifications Range pH/mV of pH input 0.00 to 14.00 pH/±600.0mV ORP mV ±2000.0mV Ammonium- Nitrogen 0.02 to 200ppm (as N) Chloride 0.6 to 200ppm Nitrate-Nitrogen 0.62 to 200ppm (as N) Conductivity 0 to 200mS/cm (absolute EC up to 400mS/cm) TDS 0 to 400000mg/L or ppm (the maximum value depends on the TDS factor) Resistivity 0 to 999999Ω cm; 0 to 1000.0kΩ cm; 0 to 1.0000MΩ cm Salinity 0.00 to 70.00 PSU Seawater s 0 to 50.0 st, s0, s15 Turbidity 0.0 to 99.9 FNU; 100 to 1000 FNU Dissolved Oxygen 0.0 to 500.0%; 0.00 to 50.00ppm Atm. Pressure 450 to 850mmHg; 17.72 to 33.46 in Hg; 600.0 to 1133.2mbar; 8.702 to 16.436psi; 0.5921 to 1.1184atm; 60.00 to 113.32kPa Temperature -5.00 to 55.00°C; 23.00 to 131.00°F; 268.15 to 328.15K Resolution pH/mV of pH input 0.01 pH / 0.1mV ORP mV 0.1mV Ammonium- Nitrogen 0.01ppm to 1ppm; 0.1ppm to 200ppm Chloride 0.01ppm to 1ppm; 0.1ppm to 200ppm Nitrate-Nitrogen 0.01ppm to 1ppm; 0.1ppm to 200ppm Conductivity manual: 1µS/cm; 0.001mS/cm; 0.01mS/cm; 0.1mS/cm; 1mS/cm; automatic: 1µS/cm from 0 to 9999µS/cm; 0.01mS/cm from 10.00 to 99.99mS/cm; 0.1mS/cm from 100.0 to 400.0mS/cm; automatic mS/cm: 0.001mS/cm from 0.000 to 9.999mS/cm; 0.01mS/cm from 10.00 to 99.99mS/cm; 0.1mS/cm from 100.0 to 400.0mS/cm TDS manual: 1mg/L (ppm); 0.001g/L (ppt); 0.01g/L (ppt); 0.1 g/L (ppt); 1 g/L (ppt); autorange scales: 1mg/L (ppm) from 0 to 9999mg/L (ppm); 0.01g/L (ppt) from 10.00 to 99.99g/L (ppt); 0.1g/L (ppt) from 100.0 to 400.0g/L (ppt); autorange g/L (ppt) scales: 0.001g/L (ppt) from 0.000 to 9.999g/L (ppt); 0.01g/L (ppt) from 10.00 to 99.99g/L (ppt); 0.1g/L (ppt) from 100.0 to 400.0g/L (ppt) Resistivity dependent on resistivity reading Salinity 0.01 PSU Seawater s 0.1 st, s0, s15 Turbidity 0.1 FNU from 0.0 to 99.9 FNU; 1 FNU from 100 to 1000 FNU Dissolved Oxygen 0.1%; 0.01ppm Atm. Pressure 0.1mmHg; 0.01 in Hg; 0.1mbar; 0.001psi; 0.0001atm; 0.01kPa Temperature 0.01°C; 0.01°F; 0.01K Accuracy @ 20°C pH/mV of pH input ±0.02 pH / ±0.5mV ORP mV ±1.0mV Ammonium- Nitrogen ±5% of reading or 2ppm, whichever is greater Chloride ±5% of reading or 2ppm, whichever is greater Nitrate-Nitrogen ±5% of reading or 2ppm, whichever is greater Conductivity ±1% of reading or ±1µS/cm, whichever is greater TDS ±1% of reading or ±1mg/L, whichever is greater Salinity ±2% of reading or ±0.01 PSU, whichever is greater Seawater s ±1 st, s0, s15 Turbidity ±0.3 FNU or ±2% of reading, whichever is greater Dissolved Oxygen 0.0 to 300.0%: ±1.5% of reading or ±1.0% whichever is greater; 300.0 to 500.0%: ±3% of reading; 0.00 to 30.00 ppm: ±1.5% of reading or 0.10 ppm, whichever is greater; 30.00 ppm to 50.00 ppm: ±3% of reading Atm. Pressure ±3 mm Hg within ±15°C from the temperature during calibration Temperature ±0.15°C; ±0.27°F; ±0.15K Temperature Compensation automatic from -5 to 55°C (23 to 131°F) Logging Memory from Meter 44,000 records Logging Interval 1 second to 3 hours Computer Interface USB (with HI929829 software) FastTracker? TAG ID yes Waterproof Protection IP67 Environment 0 to 50°C (32 to 122°F); RH 100% Power Supply 1.5V alkaline C cells (4) / 1.2V NiMH rechargeable C cells (4), USB, 12V power adapter Dimensions 221 x 115 x 55mm Weight 750g
Infrared Thermometers
Infra red thermometers receive IR radiation from the target and convert that to a small voltage which is displayed as a temperature reading. This method is very convenient and has numerous applications. However, it is important to be aware of some basics to obtain meaningful results. Spot size: Some IR meters have a laser beam to indicate the centre of the area measured, but the area measured is much larger. Meters come with a specification that gives a ratio of distance to spot size. The spot size may be 8:1 or just 1:1. The former means that a measurement is made 1.6m from the object, then the measured area is 20cm, but with only a 1:1 spot size the measured area would have a diameter of 1.6m and in most cases the operator would need to take the measurement closer in. A measurement can only be accurate if the spot size is smaller than the measured object. IR meters may be specified to be within 2°C or within 2% (whichever is greater), accuracy is not great, but it can be improved ‐ considering: At the same temperature a black body will emit more IR than a white body; these values are referred to as 'emissivity' and they are defined as the ratio of the energy/heat given off through radiation by an object, compared to that radiated by a black body (perfect radiator) at the same temperature. I.e. dark objects have a high emissivity (~0.8), where as a white object will have a low emissivity (~0.1). The surface finish also plays a role ‐ see emissivity table below. Most IR thermometers have a set emissivity of 0.95. Adjustable emissivity allows an operator to calibrate the instrument for different surfaces and then setting the emissivity to the most appropriate for any particular surface. Alternatively, without an adjustment an operator may learn that depending on the surface, the IR gun will read a little high or a little low. If most of the time the temperature is read from the same type surface, i.e. milk, or a bearing housing, a reading with an accurate thermometer may be made and compared with that of the IR gun. Then simply apply an adjustment (for instance minus 2°C) whenever that particular surface is measured. Measuring the same type of surface and often at a similar temperature should, with a calibration adjustment, achieve more accurate readings. A sample of emissivity coefficients Aluminium foil 0.04 Aluminium heavily oxidised 0.2 ‐ 0.31 Aluminium highly polished 0.039 ‐ 0.057 Black body matt 1.00 Black enamel paint 0.80 Carbon filament 0.77 Concrete 0.85 Glass 0.92 Gold pure and highly polished 0.018 ‐ 0.035 Ice 0.97 Iron polished 0.14 ‐ 0.38 Iron plate rusted red 0.61 Mild steel 0.20 ‐ 0.32 Plaster 0.98 Porcelain, glazed 0.92 Plastics 0.91 Stainless steel, weathered 0.85 Stainless steel, polished 0.075 Tungsten polished 0.04 Tungsten aged filament 0.032 ‐ 0.35 Water 0.95 ‐ 0.963 Wood oak 0.91